Antimicrobial preservatives are added to non-sterile dosage forms to protect them from microbial growth or from microorganisms that are introduced inadvertently during or after the manufacturing process. Antimicrobial...
Microbial contamination and spoilage are assessed by the following methods: Physical and Chemical Changes: Microbial contamination and spoilage in various pharmaceutical formulations can be identified by the physical and...
Microbiological assays were used for quantitation of amino acids since many years as they were the most reliable, and specific available tests. They can be used for any type of biological material; however sometimes they are...
This method relies on the diffusion of an antibiotic from a vertical cavity or a cylinder 2 through the solidified agar layer in a petri plate. The growth of test microorganisms is observed to be inhibited in a circular area or...
This method depends on the microbial culture growth in a uniform solution of antibiotic in a fluid medium favourable to its rapid growth in the absence of antibiotic. This method involves a shorter incubation period (4-5 hours)...
Antibiotics are the agents that kill or reduce the bacterial growth. They belong to a class of antimicrobials (a larger group also comprising of anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti- . parasitic drugs). Antibiotics are chemicals...
The steps by which microbial contamination of products can be prevented in aseptic areas are discussed below: Personnel : They can take the following measures: Access to production areas by the unauthorised personnel should be...
There are various contamination sources in an aseptic area, which are discussed below: Personnel : Those supervising, performing, or controlling drug manufacturing are a potential source of microbial contamination, due to the...
A laminar airflow hood is of two types: Horizontal Airflow Hoods These hoods (figure) sweep the filtered air from the back to the front of the hood. An electrical blower draws the contaminated room air using a pre-filter (similar...
A Laminar Airflow Hood (LAFH)/ Laminar Aseptic Hoods, or a workbench, is a primary engineering control device which provides the following services during aseptic compounding: Clean air to the critical sites (immediate aseptic...
