Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies or complement, but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of...
Human insulin was the first recombinant-derived product. It is used for the treatment of diabetes. Fredrick Sanger and his co-worker identified the insulin structure stating that it is made up of two polypeptide chains of A and B...
Interferons are low molecular weight proteins produced by virus infected cells, which in non-infected cells can induce the formation of a second protein. This protein has the ability to prevent transcription of any viral mRNA...
Genetic engineering has an important role to play in the production of medicines. Microorganisms and plant-based substances are used for producing various drugs, vaccines, enzymes, and hormones at low costs. Genetic engineering...
In recombinant DNA technology, many different techniques are used to achieve different requirements or to obtain proper information so that an exact inference can be drawn out during genetic engineering. Gel electrophoresis...
To express a cloned gene (for a desired product) in a transformed cell means that it has to transcript and translate. Sometimes functional proteins are produced by post-translation modifications. Protein synthesis is based on the...
The HRT method is utilised for recombinants without introns. The most difficult step in applying hybridisation is obtaining a suitable probe. If the target DNA is represented with highly abundant mRNA, a small number of cDNA...
The replica plate method is used in genetic engineering for identifying transformed bacterial cells (cells containing foreign DNA). Only some of the cells transformed with a specific DNA may actually have foreign DNA. Thus, it is...
For conventional DNA sequencing templates of signal stranded DNAs are used. PCR-based methods can be employed to manufacture them. Also vectors based on certain bacteriophages whose genomes assume a single stranded DNA at some...
Human and other mammalian genomes are very large, therefore, vectors are needed to clone large DNA fragments. Many vectors have been prepared that aid in the characterisation and expression of large genes or gene complexes. These...
