The Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) Medium Access Control algorithm was designed for the popular WiFi wireless network technology. CSMA/CA also senses the transmission channel before transmitting...
Archive - June 2022
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) improves channel utilization compared to ALOHA. However, the performance can still be improved, especially in wired networks. Consider the situation of two terminals that are connected to the...
In the 1960s, computers were mainly mainframes with a few dozen terminals attached to them. These terminals were usually in the same building as the mainframe and were directly connected to it. In some cases, the terminals were...
In a large IP network such as the global Internet, routers need to exchange routing information. The Internet is an interconnection of networks, often called domains, that are under different responsibilities. As of this writing...
As mentioned in the first section of this chapter, there are three main types of datalink layers : point-to-point links, LANs supporting broadcast and multicast and NBMA networks. There are two important issues to be addressed...
There are two possible internal organisation of the network layer : Datagram Virtual circuits The internal organisation of the network is orthogonal to the service that it provides, but most of the time a datagram organisation...
A TCP connection is established by using a three-way handshake. The connection establishment phase uses the sequence number, the acknowledgment number and the SYN flag. When a TCP connection is established, the two communicating...
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) was initially defined in RFC 793. Several parts of the protocol have been improved since the publication of the original protocol specification. However, the basics of the protocol remain...
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is defined in RFC 768. It provides an unreliable connectionless transport service on top of the unreliable network layer connectionless service. The main characteristics of the UDP service are...
The transport layer entity interacts with both a user in the application layer and an entity in the network layer. According to the reference model, these interactions will be performed using DATA.req and DATA.ind primitives...