A TCP connection is established by using a three-way handshake. The connection establishment phase uses the sequence number, the acknowledgment number and the SYN flag. When a TCP connection is established, the two communicating...
Author - Santhakumar Raja
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) was initially defined in RFC 793. Several parts of the protocol have been improved since the publication of the original protocol specification. However, the basics of the protocol remain...
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is defined in RFC 768. It provides an unreliable connectionless transport service on top of the unreliable network layer connectionless service. The main characteristics of the UDP service are...
The transport layer entity interacts with both a user in the application layer and an entity in the network layer. According to the reference model, these interactions will be performed using DATA.req and DATA.ind primitives...
As the transport layer is built on top of the network layer, it is important to know the key features of the network layer service. There are two types of network layer services : connectionless and connection oriented. The...
What are the main methods supported by the first version of the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) defined in RFC 1945? What are the main types of replies sent by a http server? System administrators who are responsible for web...
The Domain Name System (DNS) plays a key role in the Internet today as it allows applications to use fully qualified domain names (FQDN) instead of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. Many tools allow to perform queries through DNS servers...
In contrast with OSI, the TCP/IP community did not spend a lot of effort defining a detailed reference model; in fact, the goals of the Internet architecture were only documented after TCP/IP reference model had been deployed...
Our reference model is divided into five layers, as shown in the figure below. Starting from the bottom, the first layer is the Physical layer. Two communicating devices are linked through a physical medium. This physical medium...
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