If both inputs of the op amp shown in Fig. 1 are used simultaneously, then from equation, the output voltage is given by: Vo = Ao(V2 − V1) When V2 > V1 then Vo is positive, its maximum value being the positive supply...
Category - Electrical
Operational Amplifiers (usually called ‘op amps’) were originally made from discrete components, being designed to solve mathematical equations electronically, by performing operations such as addition and division in...
Networks in which electrical energy is fed in at one pair of terminals and taken out at a second pair of terminals are called two port networks. The network between the input port and the output port is a transmission network for...
The maximum power transfer theorem states: The power transferred from a supply source to a load is at its maximum when the resistance of the load is equal to the internal resistance of the source. Hence, in Fig when R = r the...
Table summarises the characteristics of some typical bipolar junction transistors for different applications, where IC max is the maximum collector current, VCE max is the maximum collector – mitter voltage, PTOT max is...
Bipolar junction transistors generally comprise n-p-n or p-n-p junctions of either silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge) material. The junctions are, in fact, produced in a single slice of silicon by diffusing impurities through a...
Arsenic, antimony and phosphorus have five valency electrons and when a semiconductor is doped with one of these substances, some impurity atoms are incorporated in the tetrahedral structure. The ‘fifth’ valency electron is...
When a conductor is moved across a magnetic field so as to cut through the lines of force (or flux), an electro motive force (e.m.f) is produced in the conductor. If the conductor forms part of a closed circuit then the e.m.f...
If a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field produced by permanent magnets, then the fields due to the current-carrying conductor and the permanent magnets interact and cause a force to be exerted on the...
The solenoid is very important in electromagnetic theory since the magnetic field inside the solenoid is practically uniform for a particular current, and is also versatile, inasmuch that a variation of the current can alter the...
