Cloning vector is a DNA molecule in which when a foreign DNA is integrated achicves the capability to replicate it within itself to produce many clones of recombinant DNA. Characteristics of a Cloning Vector Its size should be...
The target DNA or the DNA insert isolated and enzymatically cleaved by the selective restriction endonuclease, are ligated (joined) through the action of ligase enzyme to the vector DNA. As a result, an rDNA molecule known as...
In recombinant DNA (rDNA/rec DNA) technology, DNA molecules from two different sources are joined and inserted into a host organism to get products useful for human use (figure). A clone refers to a group of cells or organisms...
The process of developing proteins having desired functions by manipulating their stability and specificity is termed protein engineering. This can be done by taking two main approaches, rational design and irrational design (or...
Genetic engineering involves deliberate DNA manipulation in organisms to alter their genes. Although the organisms whose genes are being altered may not be microbes, but the substances and techniques involved are obtained from...
The industrial applications or therapeutic uses of enzymes/proteins can be appropriately brought into use by increasing their half-lives or thermostability. Proteins with enhanced stability can be obtained by the following...
Baeyer’s strain theory successfully explained the relative stability of cyclic compounds having 6-membered rings (or more appropriately having 5-membered rings), but it failed to explain the stability of higher compounds...
A carboxylic acid with a long, unbranched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic tail (or chain) is called a fatty acid. Natural fatty acids found abundantly carry carbon atoms in even number because they are biosynthesised using...
If electron-withdrawing groups are present on the benzene ring of benzoic acid, the benzoate ion stabilises and acidity thus increases. This is attributed to inductive and resonance effects. In case of p-nitrobenzoic acid and...
Presence of electron releasing groups on the benzene ring of aromatic amines enhances the electron density on nitrogen, thus increase the basicity. On the contrary, presence of electron withdrawing groups reduces the basicity of...
